Widya Anggraini, Jakarta Community Manager
Undang-undang Dasar 1945 Indonesia secara resmi menjamin kebebasan memilih dan mempraktekkan agama dan kepercayaan tiap-tiap penduduk. Namun demikian pemerintah secara resmi mengakui hanya enam agama yaitu Islam, katolik, protestan, buddha, hindu dan konghuchu. akibatnya banyak terjadi kasus kekerasan terhadap minoritas penganut agama dan kepercayaan. Munculnya kelompok-kelompok militan islam misalnya, kerap melakukan intimidasi dan menyerang rumah-rumah ibadah serta anggota-anggota minoritas agama. Human Rights Watch yang sudah melakukan riset di 10 provinsi dan mewawancarai lebih dari 115 orang dari berbagai kepercayaan, menyatakan bahwa 71 diantara mereka adalah korban kekerasan dan pelanggaran. Begitu juga survey dari LSI yang menyatakan bahwa sejak kepemimpinan SBY tahun jumlah kekerasan diskriminasi meningkat dengan rata-rata 150 kasus pertahun dan 65 persen diantaranya adalah kekerasan agama.Dalam rangka menjaga keharmonisan dan keselarasan kehidupan beragama di Indonesia maka telah dikembangkan perangkat lunak yang dapat memonitor berbagai tindak kekerasan atas nama agama dan isu-isu pluralisme. Perangkat ini telah dikembangkan oleh dua institute di Jakarta, The Wahid Institute dan Setara Institute.
The Wahid Institute (WI) berdiri tahun 2004 yang dibentuk sebagai upaya menyebarkan pemikiran islam moderat mantan presiden RI K.H Abdurrahman Wahid dalam mendorong terciptanya demokrasi, multikulturalisme dan toleransi baik di Indonesia maupun di dunia. Beberapa program yang menjadi wilayah kerja WI adalah advokasi kebijakan publik dan minoritas; kampanye islam demokrasi dan pluralisme; pemberdayaan akar rumput; serta monitoring isu keagamaan. Dalam hal monitoring isu keagaan ini WI telah mengembangkan pernangkat lunak untuk memantau isu-isu kekerasan dan konflik atas nama agama bernama Pemantauan Kebebasan Beragama dan Berkeyakinan. Kategori yang terangkum dalam perangkat tersebut termasuk diantaranya intoleransi dan diskriminasi atas dasar agama; kemajuan jaminan perlindungan kebebasan beragama/berkeyakinan serta pelanggaran kebebasan beragama/berkeyakinan. Jadi pada dasarnya perangkat ini bukan hanya melaporkan tindak kekerasan dan pelanggaran dalam beragama namun juga mencatat inisiatif-inisiatif masyarakat yang berupaya melindungi kebebasan masyarakat dalam beragama dan berkeyakinan.
Perangkat serupa juga dikembangkan oleh Setara Institute yang mendesain Case Tracking System (CTS) untuk memantau pelanggaran kebebasan beragama/berkeyakinan di Indonesia. CTS merupakan bagian dari upaya Setara Institute untuk medorong terciptanya kondisi politik yang terbuka berdasar penghormatan atas keberagaman, pembelaan hak-hak manusia dan penghapusan sikap intoleran. Dalam form pelaporan CTS ini disebutkan kontak data pelapor, nama peristiwa, waktu dan tempat kejadian, korban, kerugian, pelaku baik negara maupun non-negara. Semua laporan masyarakat akan dikompilasi dan diolah menjadi data yang bisa diakses umum. Setiap tahun Setara Institute akan melakukan update berbagai bentuk dan jumlah tindakan pelanggaran, sebaran waktunya, grafik korban dan pelaku pelanggaran, serta jenis undang-undang yang dilanggar. Lebih jauh lagi, informasi dari CTS tersebut akan digunakan sebagai bahan laporan tentang kebebasan beragama (Report on Freedom of Religion and Belief) yang dikeluarkan setiap tahunnya serta sebagai materi penyusunan indeks kinerja penegakan HAM (Human Rights Enforcement Performance Index).
Secara keseluruhan kedua perangkat yang diciptakan WI dan Setara Institute diharapkan akan memberikan gambaran tingkat toleransi masyarakat terhadap kebebasan beragama dan berkeyakinan serta menjadi alat advokasi bagi pemerintah untuk mengeluarkan kebijakan yang melindungi kelompok agama minoritas.
Foto: Muslim Academy
Widya Anggraini, Jakarta Community Manager
Since 1945, Indonesia’s constitution formally guarantees the freedom of each citizen to choose and practice their own religion and beliefs. However, the government only officially recognizes six religions: Islam, Catholicism, Protestantism, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Confucianism – consequently giving rise to cases of violence against minority religions and faiths. The emergence of militant Islamic groups, for example, has often been responsible for intimidation and attacks of places of worship as well as members of religious minorities. The Human Rights Watch, which did research in ten provinces and interviewed over 115 people from different faith, stated that 71 of those interviewed were victims of violence and abuse. Another survey from LSI stated that since the current president’s election in 2004, violent discrimination has seen an increase of an average of 150 cases per year, with 65 percent of such cases being those of religious violence. In an effort to maintain the peace and harmonization of religious lives in Indonesia, two software initiatives have been developed to monitor various acts of violence related to religion and pluralistic issues – one by the Wahid Institute and the other by the Setara Institute.
The Wahid Institute (WI) was founded in 2004 to spread the moderate Islamic beliefs of former Indonesian president Abdurahman Wahid, who believed in fostering democracy, multiculturalism, and tolerance in Indonesia and the world. Several programs undertaken by the WI include advocating public policy and minorities, campaigning Islamic democracy and pluralism, grassroots empowerment, as well as monitoring religious issues. In regards to the latter, WI has developed the “Monitoring the Freedom of Religion and Beliefs” software to monitor acts of religious violence and conflict. The categories contained within the software include intolerance and discrimination based on religion, promoting the guarantee of protection offered to religions/ beliefs, as well as the violation of freedoms of religions/beliefs. In sum, this device does not only report acts of religious violence, but also notes community initiatives that seek to protect the freedoms of the public to practice their religions and beliefs.
A similar device, named the Case Tracking System (CTS), was developed by the Setara Institute to monitor violations of religious freedoms. The CTS is part of the efforts of the institute to endorse the creation of open political conditions based on respect for diversity, the defense of human rights, and the elimination of intolerant attitudes. The CTS report form contains contact details, the name of the event, the time and place of the incidents, the victims, the losses incurred, and both the positive and negative contributors to the incidents. All community reports are compiled and processed into data that can be accessed by the public. Every year, the Setara Institute will update the numbers and various types of violations, the distribution of time in between each, the graphs depicting offenders and victims, and the types of laws that were violated. Furthermore, information derived from the CTS will be used as material for reports on religious freedom (Report on Freedom of Religion and Belief) that will be issued each year, as well as for the preparation of the HAM index (Human Rights Enforcement Performance Index).
All in all, both devices developed by the WI and the Setara Institute are expected to serve as both an overview of the level of community tolerance towards religious freedom, and as an advocacy tool for the government to issue laws and policies that will protect members of religious minorities.
Photo: Muslim Academy